Two-way radios, some need a license, some don’t


In the United States, the FCC regulates the frequencies and licensing of two-way radios. FCC rules and regulations can be found under Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

Services are divided into the following categories

Services highlighted in yellow require no license to operate.

Family Radio Service (FRS) – No license needed – The Family Radio Service is an improved walkie talkie radio system for personal/business communications. The FRS is authorized for 22 channels in the 462 MHz and 467 MHz range, all of which are shared with GMRS.
The typical handheld range is between 1/2 to 1 mile.
FRS radios fall under Part 95 of the FCC rules.

Multi-Use Radio Service (MURS) – No license needed – The Multi-Use Radio Service (MURS) uses channels in the 151 – 154 MHz spectrum range. No MURS transmitter shall, under any condition of modulation, transmit more than 2 watts transmitter power output.
The typical handheld range is between 1/2 to 3 miles. Manufactures may advertise 30 miles, but that’s in ideal conditions such as a mountaintop to a valley below.
MURS radios fall under Part 95 of the FCC rules.


Citizens Band Radio (CB) – No license needed – The Citizen Band Radio Service is used for personal/business communications and is authorized 40 channels between 26.965 MHz and 27.405 MHz.
The typical range is between 1 to 15 miles depending on setup.
CB radios fall under Part 95 of the FCC rules.

General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS) – The General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS) is a licensed radio service that uses channels around 462 MHz and 467 MHz. The most common use of GMRS channels is for short-distance, two-way voice communications using hand-held radios, mobile radios, and repeater systems. In 2017, the FCC expanded GMRS to also allow short data messaging applications, including text messaging and GPS location information.
The typical handheld range is between 5 to 25 miles.
GMRS radios fall under Part 95 of the FCC rules.


Amateur Radio Service (Ham Radio) – The Amateur Radio Service is intended to bring people, electronics, and communication together. HAM operators can talk across town, around the world, or even into space, all without the Internet or cell phones. It is fun, social, educational, and can be a lifeline during disasters. Amateur radio operates on UHF, VHF, and some HF frequencies using International Morse Code, voice communication, data, pictures, and video. There are three levels of licensing that determine which bands and frequencies an amateur operator is allowed to access.
Amateur radio falls under Part 97 of the FCC rules.

Business Radio Service (BRS – LMR – PLMR) – The Business Radio Service is a series of frequencies on the VHF and UHF two-way radio bands reserved for use by businesses, and in some cases, individuals.
BRS radios fall under Part 90 of the FCC rules.


Aviation Radio Service (ARS) – No license needed for individuals – The Aviation Band Radio Service is used in aircraft for navigation and two-way communication. Aviation radios used domestically within US airspace are generally licensed by rule, which means that you do not need to purchase a license from the FCC to operate one in the US.
ARS radios fall under Part 87 of the FCC rules.

Marine Mobile Sevice (MMS) – No license needed for harbor and waterway.  The Marine Band Radio Service is used in maritime vessels. The FCC regulates marine communications in cooperation with the U.S. Coast Guard, which monitors marine distress frequencies continuously to protect life and property. All users of marine radio, whether voluntary or compulsory, are responsible for observing both FCC and Coast Guard requirements.
Marine radios fall under Part 80 of the FCC rules.

What is Zello, how do you use it


Zello is an app that emulates push-to-talk (PTT) walkie-talkies over cell phone networks. In other words, it turns your cell phone into a walkie-talkie while using it.

It is being used by people around the world as a direct messaging service that allows members to communicate freely, either privately with individuals or over open channels that can support hundreds of thousands of users.

It has been especially helpful to people trying to circumvent government censors in counties like Turkey and Venezuela.

Rescue workers are also turning to Zello to communicate with one another during disasters.

And groups like ANTS  http://americansnetworkingtosurvive.org and Preppernet.com have set up Zello channels for their members to communicate with each other during good times and bad.

In a nutshell, it’s the next best thing if you do not have your amateur radio (HAM) license.

Its Achilles heel is its dependence on the cell phone and internet coverage areas.

To sign up for Zello

Install the free Zello app from your App Store or Google Play store.

Create an account. You will need to choose a username at this time, and you will not be able to change your username after creating the account, so make sure your spelling is correct.

Add contacts. You can do this by entering your phone number and e-mail address to let the app automatically add them from your phone’s contact information. Or, you can add them manually by using the search function to find users by username, e-mail, or phone number.

And that’s it, your ready to go

Next, open the app and play around with it.

There are many things you can do with the app, but most people use it to join a channel they are interested in. Once you are on a channel, you are ready to talk.

You loot, We shoot. We’ve all seen the signs


I read some articles on how to protect your business from looters after a disaster. They said you should: cover your windows with plywood, purchase surveillance cameras, get an alarm system, back up your electronic data, and buy insurance. None of the them advised protecting your property with a gun. Why?

Let’s face it, looters are just as devasting to businesses as a disaster, and no one should have to stand by while their business is destroyed by thieves.

Now I know the argument will be “looters are just trying to get survival items,” but we all know this is bullshit. Watch any looter video, and you will see people running down the street with TVs, arms full of clothes, computers, etc. But for the sake of argument, let’s say they were getting food and water. Does that make it right for them to steal? No, especially if the owner is present and does not want to give it away as charity.

The truth is, looters are not weak, helpless, victims of a disaster. They are not black, white, or brown; male or female. They are just thieves, plain and simple.

I don’t believe looting after a disaster is a big problem overall, but that does not mean it should be overlooked or tolerated.

What’s wrong with YEW


The yew tree can kill you. All species contain highly poisonous alkaloids known as taxanes. Its yew berries are edible and sweet, but the seeds are dangerously toxic and must be removed before eaten. Birds can eat them, but we cannot, our stomachs break down the seed coat and release their taxanes into our bodies.

The name yew is common to various species of trees but is most prominently given to any of the various coniferous trees and shrubs in the genus Taxus: European yew or common yew (Taxus baccata) Pacific yew or western yew (Taxus brevifolia)

It is sometimes called the tree of the dead due to its poisonous nature, and was sometimes planted in church graveyards in the past to keep the cows out. It worked becuase the tree’s leaves are more toxic than the seed.

Symptoms of yew poisoning include an accelerated heart rate, muscle tremors, convulsions, collapse, difficulty breathing, circulation impairment, and, eventually, cardiac arrest.

But It’s not all bad. The yew’s wood is good for making bows and spears. One of the oldest man-made weapons in the northern hemisphere is a spear made from yew.

It is also a slow-burning wood that produces a good level of heat.

Medically, cancer drugs from the bark of the Pacific yew tree have been used to expand treatment options for patients with breast and ovarian cancers.

In America, the Pacific Yew is found in the west coast states and Alaska. It grows between 20-40 feet, occasionally up to 75, 1-2 feet in diameter. The Bark is reddish-purple and flakes off in irregular, thin patches.

And in Florida the yew is a small, bushy tree or shrub usually less than 15ft tall but sometimes up to 25ft. It has a short trunk with numerous stout, horizontal, spreading branches. The purplish-brown bark is smooth when young, becoming separated into thin, irregular scales with age.

Throughout history, the yew has been a treasured resource, so what’s wrong with yew? Nothing, as long as you know how to use it.

The Pine Tree, nature’s lifesaver


Over one hundred spices of pine can be found around the world. Its parts have many uses, and you can eat it. Native Americans did this in the past to get through the winter months.

The process of stripping a tree’s bark to eat is not good for the tree and can kill it if a complete ring is taken, so only cut strips off of one side.

Due to the Algonquin’s tribe’s practice of eating bark, early settlers in the Adirondack area would often report finding acres of pine trees with missing bark. And it was not long before the settlers themselves learned how to take advantage of this year-round food.

By cutting off a strip of the hard outer bark and its greenish middle layer, you can get to the inner layer of soft white bark that is closet to the tree’s wood. If you peel this soft fleshy layer (cambium) tissue off, it can be eaten raw.

You can also boil it if you shred it up into small pieces. This will help to remove some of the pitch flavor.

Drying strips over a fire will make potato chip-like pieces that you can also eat.

And pounding it into flour will allow you to mix it with other foods.

One pound of bark will have 500 to 600 calories, contain digestible starches, sugar, vitamins, and fiber.

I doubt most people will enjoy eating pine bark unless they are starving. However, if you find yourself standing in the middle of a pine forest hungry. It’s your own fought because now you know, nature’s lifesaver is a pine tree.

Most pine needles can also be used to make a tea full of vitamin C, and their nuts can be eaten as well. The fatwood from a pine tree also makes an excellent fire starter.

Check out this video to see a tree being stripped.

Microfiction – The last game


Game day, the players are running out onto the field for Super Bowl LIII. The fans are screaming for their favorite team, and the excitement is intensifying.

Outside 200 mini-drones have been released from multiple vehicles staged around the city. As they close in on Atlanta’s Mercedes-Benz Stadium, they merge together to form 20 attack squadrons.

The first squadrons hit the front glass of the stadium with one mini explosion after another, clearing the way for the rest to fly through. Inside they release their deadly cargo over the fans. Panicked, they rush the exits killing more people as they flee. A sports center reporter describing the event is spotted by one last drone. It heads straight for him and detonates.

Game day is over. The remaining drones fly out of the stadium and into the city streets, causing more chaos until their batteries die.

Did your mom ever tell you to go outside and play


Did your mom ever tell you to go outside and play? Mine did, and I will forever be thankful. She encouraged me to explore the world around me. I climbed tall trees to their tops, swam in creeks, and sat under the low lying branches of a pine tree with my dog Buck waiting out rainstorms.

Outside is the place to be if you want to stay healthy

All too many people today race from one artificially controlled environment to another, only catching a few breaths of fresh air as they go.

During the winter, our outdoor exposure is even less due to the cold, but that should not stop you.

Get Up, Get Out, and Survive

Fresh air is good for you. It helps you digest food more effectively, improves blood pressure and heart rate, and strengthens your immune system. It also helps your lungs dilate more fully and enhances their cleansing action helping you release airborne toxins from your body.

Natural light boosts your serotonin, making you feel better. Got the wintertime blues, then stop hiding from it.

Sunlight will help you produce Vitamin D, and does it whenever your bare skin is exposed to sunlight. 

Dirt will help your kids build up their natural resistance to various germs. Contact with it and animals help them reduce their risk of developing allergies and autoimmune diseases in the future. A dirty kid can survive.

Cold weather causes your body to burn more calories, now who doesn’t need that.

And finally, being outside makes you feel better. If that’s not your reaction, then you have been inside too long, so go outside and paly.

What are the three basic types of handguns


A firearm is a portable gun (a barreled ranged weapon), and there are three basic types of handguns.

A ranged weapon is any weapon that can engage targets beyond hand-to-hand distance, i.e., at distances greater than the physical reach of the weapon itself.

The smallest of the firearms is the handgun, and there are three basic types

The single-action revolver is fired by cocking the hammer and squeezing the trigger one shot at a time

The double-action revolver can be fired in the same manner as the single action or by squeezing the trigger to fire (a double-action.)

And the semi-automatic uses a single fixed firing chamber machined into the rear of the barrel, and a magazine that can be used to fire more than one round. Each press of the trigger fires a cartridge, using the energy of the cartridge to activate the next cartridge, which may be fired immediately.

The video below shows how each one works.

Rimfire Centerfire primer ignition systems and how they work


Rimfire and centerfire primer ignition systems and how they work.

In a rimfire system, a bullet’s gunpowder is ignited by a primer when the rim of a cartridge is struck by a gun’s firing pin.

In a centerfire system, a bullet’s gunpowder is ignited by a primer when the center of a cartridge is struck by a gun’s firing pin.

Rimfire systems are used in smaller caliber cartridges like the .22LR because the cartridge wall needs to be thin enough to be crushed by the gun’s firing pin.

Larger caliber cartridges use the centerfire system, and today the vast majority of ammunition produced is centerfire.

The primer in centerfire system is a metal cup that holds a primary explosive. The firing pin of the gun impacts the primer and crushes the explosive between the cup and an anvil.

There are two kinds of primers for centerfire systems

The two types are called the Berdan and Boxer, with the main difference being the location of the anvil. The separate stirrup design of the boxer primer makes no difference in performance but allows for easier removal of spent primers, making them easier to reload. U.S. factory-made commercial centerfire cartridges are Boxer-primed.

There are four sizes of primers for common centerfire cartridges: small pistol, large pistol, small rifle, and large rifle.

More info on this topic can be found in this NRA video.